@article{oai:ncn.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000102,
 author = {田中, 建彦},
 journal = {長野県看護大学紀要, Bulletin,Nagano College of Nursing},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {110004687750, アイルランドではほとんどの人がケルト語に属するゲール語を話していたが，英語を話すイングランド人によって植民地化され，この国の言語は英語にとって代わられ，アイルランド語（アイルランドで使われているゲール語をアイルランド語と呼ぶ）は次第に衰退していった．植民地支配者の言語である英語が少しずつ 社会に浸透していったことに加えて，教育現場でアイルランド語の使用を禁止し，すべての教科を英語で教えることを命ずる政策が実施されたこともアイルランド語の衰退に大きな役割を演じた．１９世紀に自治権を獲得したアイルランド政府は，アイルランド語復活のためのさまざまな政策を試みたが，それらは結局失敗に終わった． 本稿では，英国政府のアイルランドに対する英語化政策，またアイルランド自治政府のアイルランド語復活政策がどのようなものであったかを述べ，アイルランド語復活政策の失敗の原因を分析してみた．, In spite of the English rule over Ireland since the twelfth century, the Irish language, which is one of the Gaelic languages belonging to the Celtic family, was used in Ireland by at least a half of the population until the nineteenth century. In １８３１, ３０ years after Ireland officially became one of the members of the United Kingdom, the national school system was introduced into primary schools in Ireland. Since then, Irish was forbidden to be used as the medium of instruction at schools. At some schools in Ireland“, children who spoke their mother tongue in school were stigmatized by being made to hold a stick, the‘ tessera’, and then flogged at the end of the day.（” Durkacz, １９８３）The １８５１ Census showed a dramatic drop in the number of people speaking Irish down to ２３% of the whole population in Ireland. This percentage dropped to １７．６ % in １９１１. The reason for this dramatic decline of those speaking Irish was due to two factors, one of which was the effect of the national school system. The other important factor was the Potato Famine between １８４５-５１. This Famine caused a million people’s death and another million emigrants（. Ueno, １９９９）Almost all of those affected by the famine were poor Irishspeaking Catholics. The national school system, however, was the fatal blow against the declining Irish language. Patrick Pearse, the poet and revolutionist, who was arrested and later executed, had called this system the‘murder machine.’
Soon after Ireland won the self-government in １９２２, the Irish Free State government planned a revival of the Irish language and issued a proclamation known as‘public notice no. 4,’which says: “The Irish language shall be taught or used as a medium of instruction for not less than one full hour each day in all national schools where there is a teacher competent to teach it. ”The Constitution declared that Irish was the first national language of Ireland. Irish was made an obligatory examination subject in all schools, and it was required for entry into public service. But it was too late. Due to this language revival policy, the Irish speaking population rose to ２７% in １９６ １ from １７．６ % in １９１１, but this remained as the rate with no further increase. As late as １９６ １, only a small percent of this ２７% were counted as Irishmonolingual. All others counted as Irish-English bilinguals speak English in their daily life. Almost all Irish people spoke English as if it were their mother tongue; and most of the Irish had to learn Irish at school as if it were a foreign language.
Compulsory use of Irish at schools and for public service is not required today. The government has given up the revival plan of Irish as a language used by all the Irish people in their daily life. John Edwards wrote in １９８４“, In ordinary Irish life, there are places for the Irish language. Almost all of them, however, are either ceremonial, trivial or exist only in tandem with English. Bus scrolls, street signs, bits and pieces of advertisements, labels on the bottom of souvenirs which say‘Made in Japan’in Irish, the beginnings and endings of official letters, and so on.” 　Present Ireland is a bilingual country with a small percentage of Irish monolinguals, ２０% Irish-English bilinguals and more than ７５% English monolinguals. Bilingual community, as Crystal says（２０００） , is ‘modus vivendi.’And, as Durkacz pointed,“where parents are Gaelic monoglots, a high percentage of their children tend to be bilingual; where parents are bilingual, high percentage of their children tend to be English monoglots.”If so, it seems to be clear that Ireland will be an English-monolingual country in future.},
 pages = {51--60},
 title = {アイルランド語の衰退とその復活政策の失敗},
 volume = {4},
 year = {2002}
}